How Rocks & Minerals Are Formed
- The Earth's Crust
- Rocks A List of Rocks
- Minerals A List of Minerals
- Crystals
- Soil
- Erosion
- The Rock Cycle
- Igneous
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
- Gemstones
- Birthstones
THE EARTH'S CRUST
The whole earth is made of rocks & minerals.  Inside the earth there is a liquid core of molten rock and on the outside there is a hard crust. If you compare the earth to an egg, the shell on an egg is like the crust on the earth. The crust is made up of rocks and minerals. Much of the crust is covered by water, sand, soil and ice. If you dig deep enough, you will always hit rocks. Below the loose layer of soil, sand & crumbled rocks found on Earth is bedrock, which is a solid rock.
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ROCKS
| The rocks you see around you - the mountains, canyons & riverbeds, are all made of minerals. A rock is made up of 2 or more minerals. Think of a chocolate chip cookie as a rock. The cookie is made of flour, butter, sugar & chocolate. The cookie is like a rock and the flour, butter, sugar & chocolate are like minerals. You need minerals to make rocks, but you don't need rocks to make minerals. All rocks are made of minerals.
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MINERALS
A mineral is composed of the same substance throughout.
If you were to cut a mineral sample, it would look the same throughout.
There are about 3000 different minerals in the world.
Minerals are made of chemicals - either a single chemical or a combination of chemicals.
There are 103 known chemical elements. Minerals are sorted into 8 groups.
Some common examples have been listed for each.
If you were to cut a mineral sample, it would look the same throughout.
There are about 3000 different minerals in the world.
Minerals are made of chemicals - either a single chemical or a combination of chemicals.
There are 103 known chemical elements. Minerals are sorted into 8 groups.
Some common examples have been listed for each.
- Native Elements ~ copper, silver, gold, nickel-iron, graphite, diamond
- Sulfides ~ sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite
- Halides ~ halite, fluorite
- Oxides & Hydroxides ~ corundum, hematite
- Nitrates, Carbonates, Borates ~ calcite, dolomite, malachite
- Sulfates, Chromates, Molybdates, Tungstates ~ celestite, barite, gypsum
- Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates ~ apatite, turquoise
- Silicates ~ quartz, almandine garnet, topaz, jadeite, talc, biotite mica
- For a LIST of MINERALS, check out Wikipedia's List of Minerals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals_%28complete%29 - For some PHOTOGRAPHS of MINERALS, look here.
CRYSTALS
| Crystals are minerals that have had the chance to grow in the shape that they were meant to be. Just like your DNA determines the colour of your eyes, how tall you will get to be and the shape of your bones, the chemicals that a mineral is made of determines what shape it gets to be. We can tell different minerals apart by what crystal shape they are.Sometimes minerals form in spaces where there is not a lot of room, so they don't have a crystal shape. When there is just a big hunk of a mineral, it is called a massive mineral. If there is a definite shape with easy to see flat sides, it is called a mineral crystal. Most of the earth's crystals were formed millions of years ago. Crystals form when the liquid rock from inside the earth cool and harden. Sometimes crystals form when liquids underground find their way into cracks and slowly deposit minerals. Most mineral crystals take thousands of years to "grow" but some like salt (halite) can form so quickly that you can watch them grow at home! Some people think of crystals as clear pretty rocks that are used for jewelry. Amethyst is a very common quartz crystal. Crystals do not have to be clear, but those are the kinds you will usually see in the stores. |
SOIL, SAND & DIRT
When rocks break down into smaller & smaller pieces, they turn into sand.
If you look at the sand under a microscope, you will see that sand is made up of
the same minerals as the rocks that the sand came from.
When plants start to sprout up in sand, it is turning from being just small bits of rock to being soil.
If you look at the sand under a microscope, you will see that sand is made up of
the same minerals as the rocks that the sand came from.
When plants start to sprout up in sand, it is turning from being just small bits of rock to being soil.
For a good description of the importance of sand and How Sand Is Made,
visit http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Sand.html
visit http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Sand.html
Soil is very important to life on earth. It supports plant life. We could not live without plants.
Soil is made up of sand and decomposing plants and animals.
Soil has many names including: clay, silt, mud, dirt, topsoil, dust, potting soil and humus
Soil is made up of sand and decomposing plants and animals.
Soil has many names including: clay, silt, mud, dirt, topsoil, dust, potting soil and humus
THE ROCK CYCLE
Rocks are constantly being formed, worn down and then formed again.
This is known as the Rock Cycle.
It is like the water cycle but it takes a lot longer.
It takes thousands and millions of years for rocks to change.
Rocks are divided into 3 Types. They are classified by how they were formed.
This is known as the Rock Cycle.
It is like the water cycle but it takes a lot longer.
It takes thousands and millions of years for rocks to change.
Rocks are divided into 3 Types. They are classified by how they were formed.
Some good sites that help explain this are:
- The Stupid Page of Rocks Describes metamorphic, sedimentary & igneous rocks
- Rocks and the Rock Cycle A well written description of the Rock Cycle.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
| Igneous means made from fire or heat. When volcanoes erupt and the liquid rock comes up to the earth's surface, then new igneous rock is made. When the rock is liquid & inside the earth, it is called magma. When the magma gets hard inside the crust, it turns into granite. Most mountains are made of granite. It cools very slowly and is very hard. When the magma gets up to the surface and flows out, like what happens when a volcano erupts, then the liquid is called lava. Lava flows down the sides of the volcano. When it cools & turns hard it is called obsidian, lava rock or pumice - depending on what it looks like.
To learn more about igneous rocks and how rocks are formed, take a look at this Volcano WebQuest |
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
| When mountains are first formed, they are tall and jagged like the Rocky Mountains on the west coast of North America. Over time (millions of years) mountains become old mountains like the Appalachian Mountains on the east coast of Canada and the United States. When mountains are old, they are rounded and much lower. What happens in the meantime is that lots of rock gets worn away due to erosion. Rain, freeze/thaw cycle, wind and running water cause the big mountains to crumble a little bit at a time. Eventually most of the broken bits of the rock end up in the streams & rivers that flow down from the mountains. These little bits of rock & sand are called sediments. When the water slows down enough, these sediments settle to the bottom of the lake or oceans they run into. Over many years, layers of different rock bits settle at the bottom of lakes and oceans. Think of each layer as a page in a book. One piece of paper is not heavy. But a stack of telephone books is very heavy & would squish anything that was underneath. Over time the layers of sand and mud at the bottom of lakes & oceans turned into rocks. These are called sedimentary rocks. Some examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone and shale. Sedimentary rocks often have fossils in them. Plants & animals that have died get covered up by new layers of sediment and are turned into stone. Most of the fossils we find are of plants & animals that lived in the sea. They just settled to the bottom. Other plants & animals died in swamps, marshes or at the edge of lakes. They were covered with sediments when the size of the lake got bigger. When large amounts of plants are deposited in sedimentary rocks, then they turn into carbon. This gives us our coal, oil, natural gas and petroleum. A large sea once covered the central part of Canada and the climate was very tropical. In time, sedimentary rocks formed there. That is why we find dinosaur fossils in Alberta and the area is a good source of natural fuels.
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You may have a difficult time imagining something solid like rocks wearing down over time - but everything does. If you take a look in the lint trap of your dryer, you will see that your clothes are being worn away as they tumble in the dryer. In fact if there is enough lint - you will see how these bits have been laid down into layers - just like sediments at the bottom of the lake. You will see layers of different colors because the clothes you dried were different - just like you will see different layers of rocks in sedimentary rocks. What is even more interesting is that if you scrunch up the lint a bit like in the picture here, you can see the layers of lint bending - just like the layers of rock are bent. Look carefully at the rocks in road cuts and you sill see layers of rocks that have been folded just like the lint in your dryer. Neat eh?!METAMORPHIC ROCKS
| Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed. The word comes from the Greek "meta" and "morph" which means to change form. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary, but due to movement of the earth's crust, were changed. If you squeeze your hands together very hard, you will feel heat and pressure. When the earth's crust moves, it causes rocks to get squeezed so hard that the heat causes the rock to change. Marble is an example of a sedimentary rock that has been changed into a metamorphic rock.
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EROSION
Erosion is a key part of the Rock Cycle.
It is responsible for forming much of the interesting landscape that is around us. It is also a major problem as people live in areas in large numbers and get used to the environment being in a certain way. People can do things to increase erosion or slow it down.
Erosion happens mainly as a result of weathering – the effect of water, temperature and wind on the landscape.
Water causes much erosion. When it falls as acid rain, it can dissolve rocks that are sensitive to acid.
Marble & limestone weather when exposed to the rain. When the rain falls very heavily, as in monsoons, then flooding can happen.  Rivers with a lot or rushing water can cause mud slides and erode river banks.  The action of waves on a beach causes much erosion. The waves pound on the rocks & over time, cliffs crumble. That is why you will often find sand & little pebbles on beaches. Rushing water, like what you find in rivers that move quickly in the mountains or strong waves on the shores of oceans, roll rocks around. This causes the sharp edges of the rocks to get knocked off & that is why river rocks are so smooth & beach pebbles look polished.
The freeze / thaw cycle causes mountains to crumble over time and large rocks to break
down into little rocks. When water gets into cracks in the rocks, this water expands during the freeze cycle, making the cracks bigger. Then when the cracks fill up with water in the thaw period. This allows more water to go deeper into the rock which will make the rocks split apart when they freeze again. The power of frozen water expanding can be seen when you leave a glass bottle filled with liquid in the freezer.
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GEMSTONES
| Gemstones are often what people mean when they talk about "crystals". There are many gemstones and most are used for jewelry or decoration. The are minerals that are usually transparent and have been cut and polished. Some gemstones look similar to what the mineral looks like when found in nature and others are very different.Few minerals found in nature are suitable to use unaltered in jewelry. One exception is the "Herkimer Diamond" which forms in vugs of gray rock and are found near Herkimer, New York. These are not real diamonds - they are quartz crystals that look like they have been cut & polished like a diamond. To see some gems, look at
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BIRTHSTONES
Most people are familiar with precious & semi-precious gemstones because of the popularity of birthstones.
They are as follows:
They are as follows:
| Month | Modern (as of 1912 USA) | Traditional |
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone | Alexandrite |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Peridot | Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline | Tourmaline |
| November | Yellow Topaz, Citrine | Citrine |
| December | Blue Topaz, Turquoise | Zircon, Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli |
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Date of Download: Sept. 10, 2013
